Household income

• Financial toxicity / out-of-pocket burdenHigh

  Below poverty, even modest out-of-pocket costs force impossible trade-offs that can derail treatment

• Equity / disparity riskHigh

  Low income stacks travel, lodging, time-off, and coverage hurdles that each thin the odds of finishing care

• Travel & lodging burdenHigh

  Below poverty, front-loaded travel and lodging costs are often simply unaffordable without assistance lined up first

• Housing insecurity / relocation burdenModerate

  On a low income, paying for weeks of lodging away from home is usually out of reach without help

Insurance

• Single-case agreement / out-of-networkHigh

  Medicaid out-of-state billing and enrollment are notoriously slow, stretching the time before treatment can start

• Insurance coverage & prior-authorizationHigh

  Medicaid rules vary by state and plan — some don't clearly cover CAR-T, so approval can be slow or contested

• Coverage lag after approvalWatch

  State Medicaid can take months after FDA approval to add a new therapy, so coverage may not exist yet when it's needed

• Equity / disparity riskHigh

  Medicaid patients meet more coverage restrictions and site limits, which lowers the chance of reaching treatment

Distance to nearest center

• Single-case agreement / out-of-networkHigh

  A distant, out-of-area site adds cross-plan paperwork that has to clear before scheduling can even begin

• Geographic access / distance to a centerHigh

  Over 150 miles or out-of-state turns care into a relocation, and uptake falls sharply as distance grows

• Travel & lodging burdenHigh

  Over 150 miles usually means weeks of lodging near the center — a large, front-loaded out-of-pocket cost

• Housing insecurity / relocation burdenModerate

  Over 150 miles means weeks living near the center — a housing arrangement that has to be secured up front

Home community

• Geographic access / distance to a centerHigh

  Rural homes sit far from the few certified centers, so the nearest option may be hours away

• Equity / disparity riskHigh

  Rural residence layers distance, workforce, and coverage gaps on top of other disadvantages

• Travel & lodging burdenHigh

  Rural patients travel farther at every step, compounding cost and time away from work and family

• Transportation barrierModerate

  Rural areas have little public transit, so the long drives fall entirely on the family

Health-system navigation

• Equity / disparity riskHigh

  Harder to grasp eligibility, ask the right questions, and self-advocate — so these patients are identified and referred less often

• Health-literacy / navigation-complexity burdenModerate

  The pathway spans dozens of visits, forms, and authorizations; without hands-on navigation, steps get missed and patients fall behind

• Language & communication barrierWatch

  Dense medical explanations may not land, so key instructions and warning signs can be missed unless teach-back is used

Family understanding of CAR-T

• Health-literacy / navigation-complexity burdenModerate

  Brand-new to cell therapy, the family has a lot to absorb quickly just to keep decisions on schedule

• Awareness, understanding & hesitancyWatch

  New to CAR-T, the family may over- or under-estimate risk and benefit, which makes decisions harder and slower

Center in home state?

• Single-case agreement / out-of-networkHigh

  Out-of-state treatment usually requires enrolling the provider in the patient's plan or Medicaid — a slow, extra step

• Geographic access / distance to a centerHigh

  No in-state center forces out-of-state care, adding travel plus cross-state coverage and enrollment steps

Center network status

• Single-case agreement / out-of-networkHigh

  Out-of-network care requires negotiating a single-case agreement before treatment — often several weeks of back-and-forth

• Insurance coverage & prior-authorizationHigh

  An out-of-network center means standard authorization doesn't apply — a special agreement has to be arranged first

Line of therapy

• Late referral / progression before treatmentHigh

  With 2+ lines already used, the window to refer while still eligible is closing

Caregiver & work

• Caregiver & psychosocial clearanceWatch

  If the caregiver can't take ~a month of leave without losing income, the required round-the-clock coverage can fall through

Financial cushion

• Financial toxicity / out-of-pocket burdenHigh

  With little savings, one unexpected bill or lost paycheck can halt participation mid-course

Currently managed at

• Late referral / progression before treatmentHigh

  Community teams see CAR-T rarely, so an eligible patient is easy to overlook or refer only after more lines are used

minority

• Equity / disparity riskHigh

  Documented referral bias and trial under-representation mean minority patients reach CAR-T less often at each step of the path

Referring team & CAR-T

• Late referral / progression before treatmentHigh

  A team unfamiliar with CAR-T may not spot candidacy or know when and where to send the patient

Transportation

• Transportation barrierModerate

  Depending on others or transit makes frequent, time-sensitive visits fragile — a missed ride becomes a missed step

Income during treatment

• Financial toxicity / out-of-pocket burdenHigh

  Weeks away from work with no paid leave cut household income at exactly the moment costs are spiking

Age band

• Pediatric / young-adult access gapWatch

  18–25s fall between pediatric and adult programs, so the right site and the coverage for it aren't always obvious